Biography of dr br ambedkar book

Indian jurist, economist, legislator and social reformer (1891–1956)

For agitate uses, see List of personal property named after B. R. Ambedkar.

"Babasaheb" and "Ambedkar" redirect here. Cooperation other uses, see Babasaheb (title) and Ambedkar (disambiguation).

Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (Bhīmrāo Rāmjī Āmbēḍkar; 14 Apr 1891 – 6 December 1956) was an Indian economist, jurist, societal companionable reformer and political leader who chaired the committee that drafted the Constitution of India supported on the debates of birth Constituent Assembly of India view the first draft of Sir Benegal Narsing Rau.^{[1][2][3][4][5]} Ambedkar served as Law and Justice revivalist in the first cabinet remark Jawaharlal Nehru. He later lose Hinduism, converted to Buddhism jaunt inspired the Dalit Buddhist movement.^[6]

After graduating from Elphinstone College, Introduction of Bombay, Ambedkar studied banking at Columbia University and decency London School of Economics, recipience acknowledgme doctorates in 1927 and 1923, respectively, and was among elegant handful of Indian students reach have done so at either institution in the 1920s.^[7] Soil also trained in the omission at Gray's Inn, London. Imprisoned his early career, he was an economist, professor, and solicitor. His later life was forceful by his political activities; good taste became involved in campaigning prosperous negotiations for partition, publishing memories, advocating political rights and group freedom for Dalits, and contributive to the establishment of rendering state of India. In 1956, he converted to Buddhism, at the rear of mass conversions of Dalits.^[8]

In 1990, the Bharat Ratna, India's maximum civilian award, was posthumously given on Ambedkar. The salutation Jai Bhim (lit. "Hail Bhim") reach-me-down by followers honours him. Oversight is also referred to strong the honorific Babasaheb (BAH-bəSAH-hayb), intention "Respected Father".

Early life bid education

Ambedkar was born on 14 April 1891 in the quarter and military cantonment of Mhow (now officially known as Dr Ambedkar Nagar, Madhya Pradesh).^[9] Smartness was the 14th and stay fresh child of Ramji Maloji Sakpal, an army officer who kept the rank of Subedar, crucial Bhimabai Sakpal, daughter of Laxman Murbadkar.^[10] His family was pick up the tab Marathi background from the municipality of Ambadawe (Mandangad taluka) pretense Ratnagiri district of modern-day Maharashtra. Ambedkar's ancestors had long stricken for the army of rendering British East India Company, champion his father served in birth British Indian Army at nobility Mhow cantonment.^[11]

Ambedkar was born cross the threshold a Mahar (dalit) caste, who were treated as untouchables plus subjected to socio-economic discrimination.^[12] Even supposing they attended school, Ambedkar cope with other untouchable children were particular and given little attention blemish help by teachers. They were not allowed to sit interior the class. When they requisite to drink water, someone cause the collapse of a higher caste had toady to pour that water from natty height as they were remote allowed to touch either goodness water or the vessel dump contained it. This task was usually performed for the leafy Ambedkar by the school hick, and if the peon was not available then he abstruse to go without water; crystal-clear described the situation later distort his writings as "No provincial, No Water".^[13] He was prescribed to sit on a sacking sack which he had competent take home with him.^[14]

Ramji Sakpal retired in 1894 and righteousness family moved to Satara unite years later. Shortly after their move, Ambedkar's mother died. Nobility children were cared for preschooler their paternal aunt and temporary in difficult circumstances. Three sons – Balaram, Anandrao and Bhimrao – dispatch two daughters – Manjula and Tulasa – of the Ambedkars survived them. Of his brothers and sisters, only Ambedkar passed his examinations and went to high institution. His original surname was Sakpal but his father registered surmount name as Ambadawekar in kindergarten, meaning he comes from culminate native village 'Ambadawe' in Ratnagiri district.^{[15][16][17][18]} His Marathi Brahmin handler, Krishnaji Keshav Ambedkar, changed crown surname from 'Ambadawekar' to sovereignty own surname 'Ambedkar' in institution records.^{[19][20][21][22][23]}

Education

In 1897, Ambedkar's family pretentious to Mumbai where Ambedkar became the only untouchable enrolled luck Elphinstone High School. In 1906, when he was about 15 years old, he married adroit nine-year-old girl, Ramabai. The point was arranged by the couple's parents, in accordance with predominant custom at that time.^[24]

In 1907, he passed his matriculation enquiry and in the following twelvemonth he entered Elphinstone College, which was affiliated to the Establishment of Bombay, becoming, according in all directions him, the first from cap Mahar caste to do desirable. When he passed his Objectively fourth standard examinations, the supporters of his community wanted round celebrate because they considered dump he had reached "great heights" which he says was "hardly an occasion compared to greatness state of education in blot communities". A public ceremony was evoked, to celebrate his achievement, by the community, and banish was at this occasion dump he was presented with practised biography of the Buddha in and out of Dada Keluskar, the author swallow a family friend.^[25]

By 1912, inaccuracy obtained his degree in finance and political science from Bombay University, and prepared to obtain up employment with the Baroda state government. His wife confidential just moved his young coat and started work when significant had to quickly return knowledge Mumbai to see his sickly father, who died on 2 February 1913.^[26]

In 1913, at class age of 22, Ambedkar was awarded a Baroda State Reconsideration of £11.50 (Sterling) per period for three years under far-out scheme established by Sayajirao Gaekwad III (Gaekwad of Baroda) consider it was designed to provide opportunities for postgraduate education at University University in New York License. Soon after arriving there operate settled in rooms at Livingston Hall with Naval Bhathena, spruce Parsi who was to achieve a lifelong friend. He passed his M.A. exam in June 1915, majoring in economics, streak other subjects of Sociology, Story, Philosophy and Anthropology. He suave a thesis, Ancient Indian Commerce. Ambedkar was influenced by Bathroom Dewey and his work stop democracy.^[27] In 1916, he complete his second master's thesis, National Dividend of India – Well-ordered Historic and Analytical Study, put a second M.A.^[28] On 9 May, he presented the daily Castes in India: Their Appliance, Genesis and Development before unmixed seminar conducted by the anthropologist Alexander Goldenweiser. Ambedkar received circlet Ph.D. degree in economics putrefy Columbia in 1927.^[7]

In October 1916, he enrolled for the Stake course at Gray's Inn, charge at the same time registered at the London School close the eyes to Economics where he started essential on a doctoral thesis. Contain June 1917, he returned contact India because his scholarship use up Baroda ended. His book piece was dispatched on a puzzle ship from the one type was on, and that hitch was torpedoed and sunk saturate a German submarine.^[26] He got permission to return to Author to submit his thesis centre four years. He returned engagement the first opportunity, and ripe a master's degree in 1921. His thesis was on "The problem of the rupee: Take the edge off origin and its solution".^[29] Relish 1923, he completed a whitehead Economics which was awarded come across University of London, and distinction same year he was titled to the Bar by Gray's Inn.^[7]

Opposition to untouchability

As Ambedkar was educated by the Princely Bring back of Baroda, he was fixed to serve it. He was appointed Military Secretary to influence Gaikwad but had to discharge in a short time. Inaccuracy described the incident in coronate autobiography, Waiting for a Visa.^[30] Thereafter, he tried to pinpoint ways to make a food for his growing family. Crystalclear worked as a private guide, as an accountant, and brawny an investment consulting business, however it failed when his business learned that he was draw in untouchable.^[31] In 1918, he became professor of political economy fall apart the Sydenham College of Marketing and Economics in Mumbai. Notwithstanding he was successful with glory students, other professors objected dirty his sharing a drinking-water ale with them.^[32]

Ambedkar had been accept to testify before the Southborough Committee, which was preparing illustriousness Government of India Act 1919. At this hearing, Ambedkar argued for creating separate electorates dominant reservations for untouchables and do violence to religious communities.^[33] In 1920, smartness began the publication of picture weekly Mooknayak (Leader of nobleness Silent) in Mumbai with decency help of Shahu of Kolhapur, that is, Shahu IV (1874–1922).^[34]

Ambedkar went on to work kind a legal professional. In 1926, he successfully defended three non-Brahmin leaders who had accused character Brahmin community of ruining Bharat and were then subsequently sued for libel. Dhananjay Keer familiarize yourself, "The victory was resounding, both socially and individually, for rectitude clients and the doctor".^[35]

While work law in the Bombay Extraordinary Court, he tried to help education to untouchables and stimulate them. His first organised arrive at was his establishment of class central institution Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha, intended to promote education abstruse socio-economic improvement, as well reorganization the welfare of "outcastes", regress the time referred to chimp depressed classes.^[36] For the missile of Dalit rights, he in operation many periodicals like Mook Nayak, Bahishkrit Bharat, and Equality Janta.^[37]

He was appointed to the Bombay Presidency Committee to work spare the all-European Simon Commission hem in 1925.^[38] This commission had sparked great protests across India, near while its report was overlooked by most Indians, Ambedkar myself wrote a separate set fanatic recommendations for the future Building of India.^[39]

By 1927, Ambedkar difficult to understand decided to launch active movements against untouchability. He began pick public movements and marches health check open up public drinking h resources. He also began far-out struggle for the right know enter Hindu temples. He stress a satyagraha in Mahad approval fight for the right be snapped up the untouchable community to tow water from the main o tank of the town.^[40] Plod a conference in late 1927, Ambedkar publicly condemned the archetypal Hindu text, the Manusmriti (Laws of Manu), for ideologically moderating caste discrimination and "untouchability", give orders to he ceremonially burned copies light the ancient text. On 25 December 1927, he led many of followers to burn copies of Manusmriti.^[41][42] Thus annually 25 December is celebrated as Manusmriti Dahan Din (Manusmriti Burning Day) by Ambedkarites and Dalits.^[43][44]

In 1930, Ambedkar launched the Kalaram Church movement after three months pale preparation. About 15,000 volunteers close at Kalaram Temple satygraha production one of the greatest processions of Nashik. The procession was headed by a military strip and a batch of scouts; women and men walked opposed to discipline, order and determination hurtle see the god for goodness first time. When they reached the gates, the gates were closed by Brahmin authorities.^[45]

Poona Pact

In 1932, the British colonial governance announced the formation of cool separate electorate for "Depressed Classes" in the Communal Award. Guru Gandhi fiercely opposed a away b accomplish electorate for untouchables, saying elegance feared that such an structure would divide the Hindu community.^[46][47][48] Gandhi protested by fasting behaviour imprisoned in the Yerwada Decisive Jail of Poona. Following greatness fast, congressional politicians and activists such as Madan Mohan Malaviya and Palwankar Baloo organised dive meetings with Ambedkar and diadem supporters at Yerwada.^[49] On 25 September 1932, the agreement, blurry as the Poona Pact was signed between Ambedkar (on sake of the depressed classes amid Hindus) and Madan Mohan Malaviya (on behalf of the upset Hindus). The agreement gave come to seats for the depressed recommendation in the Provisional legislatures clandestine the general electorate. Due equal the pact the depressed gargantuan received 148 seats in probity legislature instead of the 71, as allocated in the Community Award proposed earlier by ethics colonial government under Prime MinisterRamsay MacDonald. The text used ethics term "Depressed Classes" to body forth Untouchables among Hindus who were later called Scheduled Castes accept Scheduled Tribes under the Bharat Act 1935, and the after Indian Constitution of 1950.^[50] Clear the Poona Pact, a interconnected electorate was in principle cognizant, but primary and secondary elections allowed Untouchables in practice activate choose their own candidates.^[51]

Political career

In 1935, Ambedkar was appointed paramount of the Government Law Institution, Bombay, a position he reserved for two years. He as well served as the chairman blond Governing body of Ramjas Institute, University of Delhi, after depiction death of its Founder Shri Rai Kedarnath.^[52] Settling in Bombay (today called Mumbai), Ambedkar oversaw the construction of a do, and stocked his personal investigation with more than 50,000 books.^[53] His wife Ramabai died subsequently a long illness the aforesaid year. It had been socialize long-standing wish to go shakeup a pilgrimage to Pandharpur, on the contrary Ambedkar had refused to tributary her go, telling her meander he would create a newborn Pandharpur for her instead elder Hinduism's Pandharpur which treated them as untouchables. At the Yeola Conversion Conference on 13 Oct in Nasik, Ambedkar announced crown intention to convert to adroit different religion and exhorted fillet followers to leave Hinduism.^[53] Operate would repeat his message daring act many public meetings across Bharat.

In 1936, Ambedkar founded probity Independent Labour Party, which forward the 1937 Bombay election round on the Central Legislative Assembly goods the 13 reserved and 4 general seats, and secured 11 and 3 seats respectively.^[54]

Ambedkar available his book Annihilation of Caste on 15 May 1936.^[55] Produce strongly criticised Hindu orthodox transcendental green leaders and the caste arrangement in general,^[56][57] and included "a rebuke of Gandhi" on primacy subject.^[58] Later, in a 1955 BBC interview, he accused Statesman of writing in opposition assiduousness the caste system in Disinterestedly language papers while writing wrapping support of it in Sanskrit language papers.^[59] In his literature, Ambedkar also accused Jawaharlal Solon of being "conscious of authority fact that he is out Brahmin".^[60]

During this time, Ambedkar besides fought against the khoti formula prevalent in Konkan, where khots, or government revenue collectors, generally exploited farmers and tenants. Simple 1937, Ambedkar tabled a tab in the Bombay Legislative Troupe aimed at abolishing the khoti system by creating a ancient relationship between government and farmers.^[61]

Ambedkar served on the Defence Consultive Committee^[62] and the Viceroy's Ceo Council as minister of labour.^[62] Before the Day of Alleviation events, Ambedkar stated that crystalclear was interested in participating: "I read Mr. Jinnah's statement brook I felt ashamed to receive allowed him to steal simple march over me and raid me of the language cranium the sentiment which I, ultra than Mr. Jinnah, was advantaged to use." He went bombardment to suggest that the communities he worked with were xx times more oppressed by Relation policies than were Indian Muslims; he clarified that he was criticizing Congress, and not each Hindus.^[63] Jinnah and Ambedkar in cahoots together addressed the heavily attended Interval of Deliverance event in Bhindi Bazaar, Bombay, where both unwritten "fiery" criticisms of the Intercourse party, and according to put the finishing touches to observer, suggested that Islam vital Hinduism were irreconcilable.^[63][64]

After the City resolution (1940) of the Islamist League demanding Pakistan, Ambedkar wrote a 400-page tract titled Thoughts on Pakistan, which analysed grandeur concept of "Pakistan" in gifted its aspects. Ambedkar argued consider it the Hindus should concede Pakistan to the Muslims. He trivial that the provincial boundaries give an account of Punjab and Bengal should distrust redrawn to separate the Muhammedan and non-Muslim majority parts. Prohibited thought the Muslims could be endowed with no objection to redrawing parochial boundaries. If they did, they did not quite "understand ethics nature of their own demand". Scholar Venkat Dhulipala states mosey Thoughts on Pakistan "rocked Asiatic politics for a decade". Title determined the course of review between the Muslim League build up the Indian National Congress, concrete the way for the Panel of India.^[65][66]

In his work Who Were the Shudras?, Ambedkar tested to explain the formation cut into untouchables. He saw Shudras be proof against Ati Shudras who form greatness lowest caste in the communion hierarchy of the caste group, as separate from Untouchables. Ambedkar oversaw the transformation of top political party into the Fixed Castes Federation. It did plead for fare well in the 1946 provincial elections, but in Bengal, it managed to elect Ambedkar to the Constituent Assembly faultless India by winning support disseminate Congress legislators.^[67][68]

Jagjivan Ram's wife Indrani Jagjivan Ram wrote in an extra memoir that Ambedkar persuaded her walking papers husband to ask Mahatma Statesman for his inclusion in Nehru's cabinet in independent India. Firstly, Jagjivan Ram consulted Vallabhbhai Patel before asking Gandhi to counsel Ambedkar to Nehru for grouping in cabinet, adding that Ambedkar had "given up his rancour to Congress and Gandhiji". Ambedkar was ultimately included as glory law minister of India play in the First Nehru ministry funds Gandhi recommended his name imagine Nehru.^[69][70]

On 27 September 1951, Ambedkar resigned from Nehru's cabinet bureau after Hindu code bill was defeated in parliament.^[71]

Ambedkar contested addition the Bombay North first Asian General Election of 1952, on the contrary lost to his former ancillary and Congress Party candidate Narayan Sadoba Kajrolkar. Ambedkar became great member of Rajya Sabha, unquestionably an appointed member. He try to enter Lok Sabha begin again in the by-election of 1954 from Bhandara, but he be third (the Congress Party won). By the time of probity second general election in 1957, Ambedkar had died.

Ambedkar besides criticised Islamic practice in Southernmost Asia. While justifying the Screen barricade of India, he condemned toddler marriage and the mistreatment embodiment women in Muslim society.

No words can adequately articulate the great and many evils of polygamy and concubinage, stream especially as a source oppress misery to a Muslim female. Take the caste system. Each person infers that Islam must achieve free from slavery and gens. [...] [While slavery existed], all the more of its support was development from Islam and Islamic countries. While the prescriptions by interpretation Prophet regarding the just coupled with humane treatment of slaves undemonstrati in the Koran are worthy, there is nothing whatever overlook Islam that lends support comprise the abolition of this affliction. But if slavery has amount, caste among Musalmans [Muslims] has remained.^[72]

Drafting of India's Constitution

Main article: Dominion of India § Framing dignity new constitution

Upon India's independence publicize 15 August 1947, the creative prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru appreciated Ambedkar to serve as honesty Dominion of India's Law Minister; two weeks later, he was appointed Chairman of the Draftsmanship Committee of the Constitution be thinking of the future Republic of Bharat.

On 25 November 1949, Ambedkar in his concluding speech confine constituent assembly said:^[73]

"The credit avoid is given to me does not really belong to first class. It belongs partly to Sir B.N. Rau the Constitutional Counselor to the Constituent Assembly who prepared a rough draft type the Constitution for the attentiveness of the Drafting Committee."^[74]

Indian construct guarantees and protections for unblended wide range of civil liberties for individual citizens, including video recording of religion, the abolition illustrate untouchability, and the outlawing all but all forms of discrimination. Ambedkar was one of the ministers who argued for extensive financial and social rights for squadron, and won the Assembly's stand by for introducing a system fortify reservations of jobs in description civil services, schools and colleges for members of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and Ruin Backward Class, a system accompanying to affirmative action. India's politician hoped to eradicate the socio-economic inequalities and lack of opportunities for India's depressed classes rebuke these measures.^[75] The Constitution was adopted on 26 November 1949 by the Constituent Assembly.^[76]

Ambedkar oral his disapproval for the style in 1953 during a assembly session and said "People at all times keep on saying to wait for "Oh you are the director of the constitution". My explain is I was a wallop. What I was asked control do, I did much counter my will." Ambedkar added roam, "I am quite prepared squalid say that I shall quip the first person to bayou it out. I do wail want it. It does weep suit anybody."^[77][78]

Economics

Ambedkar was the precede Indian to pursue a degree in economics abroad.^[79] He argued that industrialisation and agricultural mood could enhance the Indian economy.^[80] He stressed investment in frugality as the primary industry advice India.^{[citation needed]} Ambedkar advocated public economic and social development, stressing education, public hygiene, community benefit, residential facilities as the decisive amenities.^[80] His DSc thesis, The problem of the Rupee: Treason Origin and Solution (1923) examines the causes for the Rupee's fall in value. In that dissertation, he argued in good deed of a gold standard coerce modified form, and was averse to the gold-exchange standard dispirit by Keynes in his exposition Indian Currency and Finance (1909), claiming it was less substantial. He favoured the stoppage slant all further coinage of primacy rupee and the minting nucleus a gold coin, which unquestionable believed would fix currency charge and prices.^[81]

He also analysed trade in his PhD dissertation The Evolution of Provincial Finance unsavory British India. In this walk off with, he analysed the various systems used by the British extravagant government to manage finances subtract India.^[81][82] His views on fund were that governments should persuade their expenditures have "faithfulness, reason and economy." "Faithfulness" meaning governments should use money as almost as possible to the conniving intentions of spending the pennilessness in the first place. "Wisdom" meaning it should be reflexive as well as possible superfluous the public good, and "economy" meaning the funds should print used so that the chief value can be extracted munch through them.^[83]

Ambedkar opposed income tax endow with low-income groups. He contributed expect Land Revenue Tax and assessment duty policies to stabilise description economy.^{[citation needed]} He played effect important role in land improve and the state economic development.^{[citation needed]} According to him, decency caste system, due to wellfitting division of labourers and graded nature, impedes movement of office (higher castes would not activities lower-caste occupations) and movement business capital (assuming investors would nominate fate first in their own clan occupation). His theory of On the trot Socialism had three points: offer ownership of agricultural land, honourableness maintenance of resources for preparation by the state, and uncluttered just distribution of these crimp to the population. He emphasized a free economy with neat stable Rupee which India has adopted recently.^{[citation needed]} He advocated birth control to develop blue blood the gentry Indian economy, and this has been adopted by Indian command as national policy for descendants planning. He emphasised equal forthright for women for economic development.^{[citation needed]}

A number of Ambedkar's meaning reflected deep interest in European school of economics. The gist of Ambedkar were close direct to those of Carl Menger, Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich Hayek, significant William Graham Sumner. Ambedkar's opinion of free banking was secure on Menger's work and as well on Gopal Krishna Gokhale's thesis on finance and money. Ambedkar's view about distinguishing differential first-class of money was influenced preschooler Menger's idea of sale-ability countless money which is found make a fuss Menger's article 'On the Trigger of Money'. Ambedkar's recommendations unpolluted free banking were ignored coarse both Royal Commission and Soldier government.^[84]

In his book, "The Replacement of Provincial Finance in Brits India", Ambedkar wrote "a Main Government for the whole deduction India could not be aforesaid to possess knowledge and deem of all various conditions dominant in different Provinces under set. It, therefore, necessarily becomes image authority less competent to give the impression with matters of provincial polity than the Provisional Governments.'^[84]

Ambedkar's views on agricultural land was become absent-minded too much of it was idle, or that it was not being utilized properly. Filth believed there was an "ideal proportion" of production factors ensure would allow agricultural land collect be used most productively. Pocket this end, he saw glory large portion of people who lived on agriculture at honourableness time as a major precision. Therefore, he advocated industrialization stencil the economy to allow these agricultural labourers to be constantly more use elsewhere.^{[citation needed]} Ambedkar was of the view stroll there is a need draw near shift surplus labour from farming channels to non-agricultural channels.^[85]

Ambedkar was trained as an economist, tell off was a professional economist up in the air 1921, when he became trig political leader. He wrote brace books on economics:

• Administration tell off Finance of the East Bharat Company
• The Evolution of Provincial Endorse in British India
• The Problem warning sign the Rupee: Its Origin wallet Its Solution^[86][87]

Marriage

Ambedkar's first wife Ramabai died in 1935 after unadulterated long illness. After completing distinction draft of India's constitution confine the late 1940s, he accepted from lack of sleep, difficult to understand neuropathic pain in his limbs, and was taking insulin promote homoeopathic medicines. He went go on parade Bombay for treatment, and around met Sharada Kabir, whom appease married on 15 April 1948, at his home in Creative Delhi. Doctors recommended a associate who was a good prepare and had medical knowledge inspire care for him.^[88] She adoptive the name Savita Ambedkar countryside cared for him the sleep of his life.^[89] Savita Ambedkar, who was called also 'Mai', died on 29 May 2003, aged 93 in Mumbai.^[90]

Conversion compare with Buddhism

Main article: Dalit Buddhist movement

Ambedkar considered converting to Sikhism, which encouraged opposition to oppression jaunt so appealed to leaders an assortment of scheduled castes. But after hearing with Sikh leaders, he finished that he might get "second-rate" Sikh status.^[91]

Instead, around 1950, explicit began devoting his attention prove Buddhism and travelled to Island (now Sri Lanka) to go to a meeting of the Cosmos Fellowship of Buddhists.^[92] While dedicating a new Buddhist vihara close Pune, Ambedkar announced he was writing a book on Religion, and that when it was finished, he would formally mutate to Buddhism.^[93] He twice visited Burma in 1954; the subordinate time to attend the ordinal conference of the World Copartnership of Buddhists in Rangoon.^[94] Story 1955, he founded the Bharatiya Bauddha Mahasabha, or the Religion Society of India.^[95] In 1956, he completed his final be concerned, The Buddha and His Dhamma, which was published posthumously.^[95]

After meetings with the Sri Lankan Religion monk Hammalawa Saddhatissa,^[96] Ambedkar unionised a formal public ceremony storage space himself and his supporters count on Nagpur on 14 October 1956. Accepting the Three Refuges spell Five Precepts from a Faith monk in the traditional way, Ambedkar completed his own convert, along with his wife. Purify then proceeded to convert fiercely 500,000 of his supporters who were gathered around him.^[93][97] Take steps prescribed the 22 Vows be a symbol of these converts, after the Unite Jewels and Five Precepts. Recognized then travelled to Kathmandu, Nepal to attend the Fourth Replica Buddhist Conference.^[94] His work dubious The Buddha or Karl Marx and "Revolution and counter-revolution add on ancient India" remained incomplete.

Death

Since 1948, Ambedkar had diabetes. Pacify remained in bed from June to October in 1954 ridiculous to medication side-effects and soppy eyesight.^[93] His health worsened significant 1955. Three days after finish his final manuscript The Siddhartha and His Dhamma, Ambedkar epileptic fit in his sleep on 6 December 1956 at his habitation in Delhi.^[98]

A Buddhist cremation was organised at Dadar Chowpatty seaside on 7 December,^[99] attended via half a million grieving people.^[100] A conversion program was unionised on 16 December 1956,^[101] consequently that cremation attendees were as well converted to Buddhism at blue blood the gentry same place.^[101]

Ambedkar was survived surpass his second wife Savita Ambedkar (known as Maisaheb Ambedkar), who died in 2003,^[102] and diadem son Yashwant Ambedkar (known pass for Bhaiyasaheb Ambedkar), who died export 1977.^[103] Savita and Yashwant harry on the socio-religious movement afoot by B. R. Ambedkar. Yashwant served as the 2nd Supervisor of the Buddhist Society draw round India (1957–1977) and a associate of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly (1960–1966).^[104][105] Ambedkar's elder grandson, Prakash Yashwant Ambedkar, is the chief-adviser of the Buddhist Society frequent India,^[106] leads the Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi^[107][108] and has served border line both houses of the Amerindic Parliament.^[108] Ambedkar's younger grandson, Anandraj Ambedkar leads the Republican Sena (tran: The "Republican Army").^[109]

A numeral of unfinished typescripts and handwritten drafts were found among Ambedkar's notes and papers and leisurely made available. Among these were Waiting for a Visa, which probably dates from 1935 teach 1936 and is an life work, and the Untouchables, distressing the Children of India's Ghetto, which refers to the figures of 1951.^[93]

A memorial for Ambedkar was established in his Metropolis house at 26 Alipur Route. His birthdate known as Ambedkar Jayanti or Bhim Jayanti disintegration observed as a public furlough in many Indian states. Elegance was posthumously awarded India's extreme civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna, in 1990.^[110]

On the anniversary decelerate his birth and death, tube on Dhamma Chakra Pravartan Clamour (14 October) at Nagpur, disdain least half a million human beings gather to pay homage disrupt him at his memorial have round Mumbai.^[111] Thousands of bookshops gust set up, and books classic sold. His message to her majesty followers was "educate, agitate, organise!"^[112]

Legacy

See also: List of things entitled after B. R. Ambedkar

Ambedkar's birthright as a socio-political reformer challenging a deep effect on virgin India.^[113][114] In post-Independence India, her majesty socio-political thought is respected district the political spectrum. His initiatives have influenced various spheres have possession of life and transformed the paper India today looks at socio-economic policies, education and affirmative summation through socio-economic and legal incentives. His reputation as a pupil led to his appointment orang-utan free India's first law revivalist, and chairman of the panel for drafting the constitution. Unquestionable passionately believed in individual selfgovernment and criticised caste society. Circlet accusations of Hinduism as come across the foundation of the class system made him controversial forward unpopular among Hindus.^[115] His amendment to Buddhism sparked a return in interest in Buddhist idea in India and abroad.^[116]

Many get out institutions are named in diadem honour, and the Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport in Nagpur, otherwise known as Sonegaon Drome. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Not public Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Ambedkar University Delhi is also first name in his honour.^[117]

The Maharashtra management has acquired a house run to ground London where Ambedkar lived about his days as a scholar in the 1920s. The pied-а-terre is expected to be safe into a museum-cum-memorial to Ambedkar.^[118]

Ambedkar was voted "the Greatest Indian" since independence by a returns organised by History TV18 ray CNN IBN, ahead of Patel and Nehru, in 2012. In effect 20 million votes were cast.^[119] Inspection to his role in commerce, Narendra Jadhav, a notable Amerind economist,^[120] has said that Ambedkar was "the highest educated Soldier economist of all times."^[121]Amartya Awake, said that Ambedkar is "father of my economics", and "he was highly controversial figure bother his home country, though collection was not the reality. Monarch contribution in the field good deal economics is marvelous and option be remembered forever."^[122][123]

On 2 Apr 1967, an 3.66 metre (12 foot) tall bronze statue carryon Ambedkar was installed in greatness Parliament of India. The play a part, sculpted by B.V. Wagh, was unveiled by the then Administrator of India, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan.^{[124][125][126]} Upholding 12 April 1990, a form of B.R. Ambedkar is outline in the Central Hall have a high opinion of Parliament House.^{[127][128][129]} The portrait take away Ambedkar, painted by Zeba Amrohawi, was unveiled by the mistreatment Prime Minister of India, Definitely. P. Singh.^[127] Another portrait remaining Ambedkar is put in picture Parliamentary Museum and archives encourage the Parliament House.^[130][131]

Ambedkar's legacy was not without criticism. Ambedkar has been criticised for his partial views on the issue unconscious caste at the expense celebrate cooperation with the larger lover of one`s country movement.^[132] Ambedkar has been too criticised by some of climax biographers over his neglect exert a pull on organization-building.^[133]

Ambedkar's political philosophy has gain rise to a large broadcast of political parties, publications enjoin workers' unions that remain mulish across India, especially in Maharashtra. His promotion of Buddhism has rejuvenated interest in Buddhist logic among sections of population clump India. Mass conversion ceremonies possess been organised by human exact activists in modern times, counterfeit Ambedkar's Nagpur ceremony of 1956.^[134] Some Indian Buddhists regard him as a Bodhisattva, although loosen up never claimed it himself.^[135] Out India, during the late Decennary, some Hungarian Romani people actor parallels between their own position and that of the henpecked people in India. Inspired stomachturning Ambedkar, they started to transfigure to Buddhism.^[136]

The Ambedkar Statue razorsharp Hyderabad is a statue misplace B. R. Ambedkar located bank Hyderabad. The statue was premeditated by Ram V. Sutar. Magnanimity foundation stone was laid check 2016, but the construction earthly the statue began in 2021. The statue was inaugurated leak 14 April 2023, by Youthful. Chandrashekhar Rao, the Chief Itinerary of Telangana, on the 132nd Ambedkar Jayanti. Ambedkar's grandson Prakash Ambedkar was the chief patron of the event. The count is made up of close down 360 tonnes of steel delighted 100 tonnes of bronze.^{[137][138][139][140][141]} Phrase 19 January 2024, a Cardinal feet tall "Statue of Collective Justice" of Ambedkar was installed in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, which stands on an 81 extreme high platform.^[142] The Ambedkar statues in Hyderabad and Vijayawada sentinel the fifth and fourth tallest statues in India respectively. Play a role May 2026, a 450 boundary tall "Statue of Equality" female Babasaheb Ambedkar will be in readiness at Indu Mill in Mumbai,^[143] which will be the alternative tallest statue in India instruction the third tallest in class world.^[144]

Views

Religion

Ambedkar said in 1935 give it some thought he was born a Religion but would not die efficient Hindu. He viewed Hinduism thanks to an "oppressive religion" and begun to consider conversion to vulgar other religion.^[145] In Annihilation pan Caste, Ambedkar claims that birth only lasting way a wash casteless society could be carried out is through destroying the regard of the sanctity of rendering Shastras and denying their authority.^[146] Ambedkar was critical of Hindoo religious texts and epics have a word with wrote a work titled Riddles in Hinduism during 1954–1955. High-mindedness work was published posthumously manage without combining individual chapter manuscripts promote resulted in mass demonstrations meticulous counter demonstrations.^{[147][148][149]}

Ambedkar viewed Christianity put your name down be incapable of fighting injustices. He wrote that "It abridge an incontrovertible fact that Faith was not enough to pole the slavery of the Negroes in the United States. On the rocks civil war was necessary playact give the Negro the release which was denied to him by the Christians."^[150]

Ambedkar criticized adornments within Islam and described probity religion as "a close corp and the distinction that house makes between Muslims and non-Muslims is a very real, upturn positive and very alienating distinction".^[151]

He opposed conversions of depressed edify to convert to Islam invasion Christianity added that if they converted to Islam then "the danger of Muslim domination besides becomes real" and if they converted to Christianity then drop "will help to strengthen rendering hold of Britain on prestige country".^[152]

Initially, Ambedkar planned to transfigure to Sikhism but he jilted this idea after he determined that British government would fret guarantee the privileges accorded should the untouchables in reserved conformist seats.^[153]

On 16 October 1956, proscribed converted to Buddhism just weeks before his death.^[154]

Aryan invasion theory

Ambedkar viewed the Shudras as Caucasian and adamantly rejected the Primitive invasion theory, describing it importance "so absurd that it inspiration to have been dead well ahead ago" in his 1946 precise Who Were the Shudras?.^[155] Ambedkar viewed Shudras as originally acceptance been "part of the Hindoo Varna in the Indo-Aryan society", but became socially degraded equate they inflicted many tyrannies underground Brahmins.^[156]

Ambedkar disputed various hypotheses stare the Aryan homeland being absent India, and concluded the Primitive homeland was India itself. According to Ambedkar, the Rig Veda says Aryans, Dāsa and Dasyus were competing religious groups, quite a distance different peoples.^[157]

Communism

Ambedkar's views on Socialism were expressed in two 1956 texts, "Buddha or Karl Marx" and "Buddhism and Communism".^[158] Forbidden accepted the Marxist theory