Isabella castile suleiman magnificent biography

16th-century queen consort of Hungary

Isabella Jagiellon (Hungarian: Izabella királyné; Polish: Izabela Jagiellonka; 18 January 1519 – 15 September 1559) was the queen consort of Magyarorszag. She was the oldest descendant of Sigismund I the All-round, King of Poland, and coronet Italian wife Bona Sforza.

In 1539, she married John Zápolya, Voivode of Transylvania and Sopping of Hungary. At the revolt Hungary was contested between Ferdinand of Austria who wanted leak add it to the Dynasty domains (see Royal Hungary), provincial nobles who wanted to hide Hungary independent (see Eastern Ugric Kingdom), and Sultan Suleiman probity Magnificent who saw it by reason of a vassal state of integrity Ottoman Empire (see also Various War in Hungary). While Isabella's marriage lasted only a yr and a half, it frank produce a male heir – John Sigismund Zápolya born stiffnecked two weeks before his father's death in July 1540.

She spent the rest of repel life embroiled in succession disputes on behalf of her descendant. Her husband's death sparked late-model hostilities but Sultan Suleiman long-established her as a regent an assortment of the eastern regions of description medieval Kingdom of Hungary research behalf of her infant girl. The region developed as copperplate semi-independent buffer state noted guarantor its freedom of religion.

Ferdinand, but, never renounced his claims set upon reunite Hungary and conspired smash into Bishop George Martinuzzi who contrived Isabella to abdicate in 1551. She returned to her catalogue Poland to live with go in family. Sultan Suleiman retaliated tell off threatened to invade Hungary clear 1555–56 forcing nobles to attract Isabella back to Transylvania. She returned in October 1556 submit ruled as her son's monarch until her death in Sep 1559.

Biography

Early life and matrimony plans

Born in Kraków on 18 January 1519,^[3] Isabella was integrity oldest child of King Sigismund I the Old and surmount Italian wife Bona Sforza. She spent most of her boyhood at Wawel Castle in Kraków and the hunting castle constant worry Niepołomice. She also lived inferior the Grand Duchy of Lietuva in 1527–29 and 1533–36. Around the latter visit her younger sisters were left interject Kraków. This episode foreshadowed vanguard family relationships: Bona Sforza favorite her oldest daughter, arranging brew marriage early, while the blemish three daughters were neglected tube married late. Isabella received cool good education, including from subject Johannes Honter, and she could speak and write four languages: Polish, Latin, German, and Romance (her mother's native language).

In Advance 1519, when Isabella was grouchy a two-month-old baby, French embassy proposed to marry Isabella touch a future son of Francis I of France in barter for Sigismund's support in honesty upcoming elections for the Unseemly Roman Emperor. Sigismund supported Physicist V, but Bona continued consent pursue a French marriage convoy Isabella. She hoped that Fondness of France would install authority son and Isabella in nobleness Duchy of Milan which Bona claimed as her inheritance. Increase 1524, Hieronymus Łaski negotiated principally anti-Turkish alliance with the French; among the provisions was alliance of Isabella and Henry, superfluous son of Francis I. However this alliance failed after Francis was taken prisoner in probity Battle of Pavia.

Bona then pursue an Italian marriage. Isabella do away with Naples, Isabella's grandmother, sent representation to Poland to propose add-on to Francesco II Sforza, lately installed Duke of Milan. Quieten, Sigismund refused as the jurisdiction was contested and Francesco's halt or stop in one`s t was tenuous. Bona then self-styled Federico II Gonzaga, Duke place Mantua, but he chose Margaret Paleologa as she brought Go by shanks`s pony of Montferrat as her property. Sigismund wanted a Habsburg matrimony. In 1530, he proposed Archduke Maximilian, eldest son of Desertion Ferdinand, but they refused by reason of Isabella was eight years elder than the groom. When Habsburgs wanted to stop the planned marriage between Isabella and Lav Zápolya, they proposed Ludovico, offspring son of Charles III, Aristo of Savoy, but he properly in 1536.

Around 1531, a pose emerged to wed Isabella indifference John Zápolya, King of Magyarorszag. When Louis II of Magyarorszag was killed in the Struggle against of Mohács in 1526, Magyarorszag was divided between pro-Habsburg Regal Hungary and pro-Zápolya Eastern Ugrian Kingdom. The parties were kept in the Little War get a move on Hungary. Zápolya had sustained coronate claim only by gaining sponsorship from and becoming vassal holiday the Ottoman Empire. Bona Sforza, ardent opponent of the Habsburgs, supported Zápolya and tried merriment convince her husband Sigismund be in breach of provide military support and Isabella's hand. Sigismund, whose first mate was Zápolya's sister Barbara, refused, not wanting to upset nobility Habsburgs and doubting Zápolya's warrant to hold onto his run. Eventually, Sigismund relented on undiluted condition that a peace develop was concluded between Zápolya queue the Habsburgs. The Treaty take up Nagyvárad was signed in Feb 1538 in part due lookout Sigismund's requirement. Ferdinand and Zápolya agreed to divide Hungary mid themselves and that Ferdinand was to inherit Zápolya's territory owing to at that time he was childless.^{[citation needed]}

Queen of Hungary

In Apr 1538, just two months tail the Treaty of Nagyvárad, Divine Stjepan Brodarić arrived at Kraków to negotiate timing and hit it off for the wedding of Isabella and John Zápolya. Polish upper class dignity considered the wedding to suit ill-conceived and not beneficial, on the other hand it proceeded. On 15 Jan 1539, five hundred Hungarian knights arrived at Kraków. The oath took place on 26 Jan. The per procura wedding tide is not known exactly, nevertheless it was probably between 28 January and 2 February. Back end the ceremony, Isabella departed do by Hungary. Her dowry was 32,000 ducats in cash plus belongings worth another 6,000 ducats. Ravage Buda she reached Székesfehérvár site she met John Zápolya summon the first time on 22 February. He granted her nobility towns of Solymos, Lippa, Déva, Csicsó, Tokaj, parts of Debrecen and Regéc castles. The take forward day the wedding ceremony took place and Isabella was laureled as Queen of Hungary. Honesty wedding feast continued for adroit week in Buda.

The married urbanity was short and not get on your wick. 20-year-old Isabella had to bargain with a 52-year-old husband who complained of gout and entire ill health. In spring 1540, Zápolya traveled to quell unornamented revolt in Transylvania by Writer Majláth [ro]. Isabella stayed in Buda as she was pregnant. Their son John Sigismund Zápolya was born on 7 July 1540. Zápolya succeeded in subduing righteousness rebels, but he died shrug 22 July from cerebral hemorrhage.

Regency

According to the Treaty of Nagyvárad, John Zápolya was to properly succeeded by Ferdinand, but Ugrian nobles, particularly Bishop George Martinuzzi, refused to abide by score and in September 1540 elective the infant John Sigismund similarly King of Hungary and Isabella as his regent. Ferdinand invaded Hungary and besieged Buda whither Isabella and her son necessary shelter. The city withstood nobleness first siege in November 1540 and the second siege hurt May 1541 was lifted wedge Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultan farm animals the Ottoman Empire. She outspoken not receive help from go to pieces father Sigismund I the Offer. Suleiman preferred a fragmented Magyarorszag but understood that only be active could protect it from decency Habsburgs. Therefore, he annexed chief of Hungary and only Transylvania and lands east of greatness Tisza river (known as Temesköz) were given to John Sigismund and Isabella as his mask. These appointments were accepted inured to the Transylvanian Diet acknowledging professor status as a vassal oust the Ottoman Empire.

In September 1541, Isabella departed Buda and took up residence in Lippa, authenticate in Gyál and Gyulafehérvár. She complained about ruinous state fence her new domains and monetary troubles. Isabella was young, acclaimed for her beauty, and scolded for her expensive tastes. Team a few surviving pieces of jewelry tip attributed to her: a infield ring, a large pendant accost 16 opals, and a au necklace. She began reconstruction disparage the former bishop's palace occupy Alba Iulia in the Revival style according to the examples of Wawel Castle in bake native Kraków and Royal Castle in Buda. She faced multifarious political challenges: keeping peace exchange the Ottomans, containing Martinuzzi's pretentiousness, and blocking Ferdinand's attempts insensible taking over Transylvania. In Dec 1541, perhaps exhausted by the brush circumstances, Isabella signed an apportionment with Ferdinand: she would forsake Transylvania and take up dwellingplace in the Szepes County. Banish, when Ottomans attacked again, Ferdinand did not have enough martial power to defend his territories (see Siege of Esztergom (1543)) and the agreement remained done. Poland proposed to solve righteousness issue with another marriage – Isabella would marry widowed Physicist V, Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand, or his eldest son Maximilian. But Ferdinand hoped that grace could acquire Transylvania by attention to detail means.^{[citation needed]}

In 1548, when grandeur Ottomans gathered all their put back together for an assault against Empire in the ongoing Ottoman–Safavid Combat (1532–55), Ferdinand and Martinuzzi began negotiations to unite Hungary swallow defend it against the Ottomans. The agreement was reached bring up 1 August 1549 in Nyírbátor. Isabella would give up Transylvania in exchange for Opole become peaceful Racibórz in Silesia. Ferdinand was also to provide for Lavatory Sigismund, who would later become man and wife one of his daughters. Martinuzzi was to be made Archbishop of Gran, and to accept the cardinal's hat. Isabella defended her rights and took intrude arms. She did not grip help from her brother Sigismund II Augustus as he bygone an alliance with Ferdinand unexceptional that he could quell counteraction of Polish nobility to authority marriage to Barbara Radziwiłł.

Return comprise Poland

In fall 1550, Isabella's command defended Gyulafehérvár, but had handle agree to a truce. She gained support from nobility explain the diet of Aiud, nevertheless her forces were defeated obstruct Cenad and she was nagged in Buda. In July 1551, facing superior forces, Isabella renounced and signed the Treaty comprehensive Weissenburg. She agreed to appoint up Transylvania in exchange correspond to the Duchy of Opole current Racibórz, and other territories unexceptional that her annual income would be 25,000 florins. For team up domains in Hungary, which were valued at 140,000 florins, Isabella was to receive Ziębice, Ząbkowice Śląskie, and 100,000 florins interest cash. John Sigismund was go-slow marry one of Ferdinand's successors. In August, Isabella gave authorize the Holy Crown of Magyarorszag. According to Marcin Bielski, leadership cross atop of the festoon was broken off and restricted by John Sigismund who hoped one day to reunite blue blood the gentry pieces. At the same at the double, John Sigismund was betrothed pick on 4-year-old Joanna of Austria.

In Sep 1551, Isabella departed from Transylvania. According to a legend, as Isabella stopped to have spruce rest at the gates sum Meszes, a border town, she cut the abbreviation of have time out motto into the bark beat somebody to it an old oak tree: SFV – Sic fata volunt ("It is the will of fate"). The same motto can accredit found on her jewelry gleam her coins. She reached Opole in March 1551 to locate it devastated. The buildings veer she was to live were unsuitable for habitation, the earnings was only half of what the treaty provided, and Ferdinand did not hurry to recompense the agreed cash sums. One a month later she bygone Opole towards Poland where she lived with her family rationalize the next five years. Add up to provide her with income, need brother granted her Krzepice beginning Sanok, while her mother gave her Wieluń. Despite being casing the Duchy of Opole, she showed interest in its reason. She influenced the appointment bear out the parish priest of rank church in Prudnik and second-hand supported local Lutherans.^[27]

Return to Transylvania

The situation in Hungary was very different from stable. George Martinuzzi was assassinated in December 1551, while rectitude Ottomans captured Cenad and shamefully besieged Eger. Isabella received invitations both from Sultan Suleiman, who sent an envoy to Polska, and local nobles to come to Hungary, but she overdue. Her brother King Sigismund II Augustus, afraid of a Habsburg–Russian alliance in the series shambles the Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars, married Wife of Austria, daughter of Ferdinand. Isabella and her mother Bona Sforza demanded that Ferdinand utter his obligations according to ethics Treaty of Weissenburg, but elegance did not have financial mode to comply and asked in favour of concessions. Isabella decided that because he did not hold accumulation his end of the agreement, she was not bound exceed the treaty and resolved style return to Hungary.

In February 1556, Isabella and her mother Bona, who was returning to other native Italy, departed Warsaw regard Silesia. She spent the season in Lwów waiting for veto opportune moment to return. Attended by Ottoman troops, she entered Kolozsvár in October. On 25 November 1556, the Transylvanian Food entrusted her with a five-year regency period on behalf follow her 16-year-old son. Isabella plant up her Transylvanian chancellery narrow the help of Mihály Csáky. She minted her own amber ducats that depicted Madonna be proof against Child on one side last composite coat of arms essence the other.^[32] The coat rule arms included: wolf and unicorn of the Zápolya family, Kind cross and four horizontal line of Hungary, eagle of Polska, snake of the Sforza/Visconti families, and three panther heads perceive Dalmatia. In 1558, her devotee Melchior Balassa [hu] foiled a business by the Kendi family accept her. In addition to civic strife, there were religious differences as well since Protestantism far-reaching into Hungary. In 1557, Isabella signed an edict granting elbowroom of religion to four denominations – Catholics, Lutherans, Calvinists, mushroom Unitarians. It was a advanced move towards religious tolerance most recent an important step towards rank Edict of Torda of 1568. Isabella is noted as primacy first European ruler to petty laws on religious tolerance.

Isabella dull of a long illness bay September 1559, just three adulthood after her return to Transylvania.

Ancestry

References

In-line

Bibliography

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